Hyponatremia: The Hidden Danger of Over-Hydrating in Endurance Sports
Over-hydrating can dangerously dilute your blood sodium. An endurance athlete explains exercise-associated hyponatremia — the signs, the risk, and how to prevent it.
[PSN Science]
Science over
Science over
marketing hype.
Evidence-based articles on supplements, training and nutrition from Dr. Leandro Cordova and Dr. Michelle Oliveira.
Latest articles
Race-Day Hydration Strategy: Before, During, and After for Runners, Triathletes & Endurance Athletes
A formulation scientist's take on race-day hydration strategy for runners and triathletes — how much fluid and sodium to take at every phase of race day.
How Much Sodium Do Endurance Athletes Actually Lose? A Hydration Guide for Runners & Triathletes
How much sodium do endurance athletes really lose through sweat? A formulation scientist breaks down sweat-sodium loss and how to hydrate for your event — with data.
Coconut Water and Hydration: Is Nature's Sports Drink Worth the Hype?
Is coconut water "nature's sports drink"? A formulation scientist breaks down its electrolytes, the hydration science, and where it fits — with data.
Total Transparency in Supplements: Third-Party Testing, GMP Compliance, and Certified Quality
Supplements aren't FDA pre-approved — so testing matters. A formulation scientist explains third-party testing, GMP, and COAs, with data on what testing finds.
Bioavailability in Supplements: Why Absorption Is Everything
The label shows what's in the bottle — bioavailability shows what your body absorbs. Why ingredient form matters, with magnesium and protein examples.
Clinical Efficacy in Supplements: What Actually Works (Backed by Science)
"Clinically proven" is everywhere — most of it means nothing. A formulation scientist explains what clinical efficacy really means and which ingredients clear the bar.
Underdosed Supplements: Why Most Products Don't Work
Most supplements fail because of dose, not ingredients. A formulation scientist explains underdosing, proprietary blends, and how to spot a product that works.
Types of Protein Powder Explained: How to Choose the Right One for Your Goals
Whey, casein, plant, egg, collagen — a formulation scientist explains every type of protein powder and how to match the right one to your goal, diet & digestion.